A solar cell functions to turn sunlight into electricity in an environmentally-friendly and sustainable way. By harnessing the power of the photovoltaic effect, a solar cell captures the energy from the sun’s rays and converts it into a usable form of energy. 

People widely recognize renewable energy from the sun as one of the planet’s most abundant and effective energy sources. We harness the sun’s inherent power to light and heat buildings and households. Since solar cells don’t pollute or release greenhouse gases, they provide a cleaner alternative to conventional energy, like central heating. 

Throughout time, there have been significant improvements in the technology of solar cells and, lately, the storage of batteries. More than ever before, they are available and affordable. Solar energy can reduce annual electricity costs by hundreds of rupees. This guide will explain the construction and working of a solar cell, so read on!

What are Solar Cells?

Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, are electronic devices that can generate electricity by converting light energy directly into electrical energy. They are a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source that is becoming increasingly popular today.

A solar cell is made up of semiconductor materials, usually silicon, and functions by absorbing solar photons and jarring the semiconductor material’s electrons loose to produce an electric current. The flat plate photovoltaic module consists of several linked solar cells sandwiched between two layers of glass or plastic. It is the most popular type of solar cell. 

Solar cells don’t use chemical reactions and don’t need fuel, in contrast to batteries. Household solar systems generate electricity from about 20% of the sunshine they receive, . However, solar cell efficiency will increase as technology progresses. 

You might be wondering what are the uses of a solar cell. Solar cells can be used in various ways, from powering small electronic devices like calculators to powering entire cities. They can be installed on rooftops, fields, or spaces. Advances in solar cell technology have also made them more efficient and cost-effective, making them an increasingly attractive option for businesses and individuals.

One can build solar farms using the most extensive solar cell configuration, an array. It comprises countless tiny cells and can convert sunshine into electricity for extensive commercial, industrial, and domestic use. Read on to understand PV cell construction and working.

Working of a Solar Cell

Let us explain the working of a solar cell for you to make it easy.

The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism that underlies the solar cell working. A silicon layer, a p-type layer, and an n-type layer make up a conventional solar cell.

The construction of a PN junction diode by sandwiching these layers is a crucial part of a solar cell. A current comes out when an electric field produced by the p-n junction compels electrons to flow in a particular direction.

A potential difference exists between the solar cell working principle of the p-type and n-type layers. It is due to the movement of electrons, which produces a voltage difference across the solar cell.

The construction and working of a PN junction diode are as follows:

The p-n junction of a solar cell is as thin as possible to increase efficiency. It increases the number of photons that can pass through the junction and produce electron-hole pairs, which raises the cell’s current output. Moreover, most photovoltaic cells come with a layer that reduces reflection, thus minimizing the amount of sunlight that bounces off and maximizing the amount absorbed by the cell. The solar cell’s effectiveness increases as a result.

After its production, the electricity can immediately power equipment, or you can store it in batteries for later use. PV cells have various applications, from small, portable gadgets like calculators to massive solar power plants that produce electricity for entire cities.

The photovoltaic phenomenon involves transforming sunlight into energy through a p-n junction, which underlies how solar cells function. The thickness of the junction, the anti-reflective coating, and the p-n junction’s design all affect a solar cell’s efficiency. PV cells are increasing in acceptance to decrease dependence on non-renewable energy sources. It possesses the ability to serve as an eco-friendly and enduring source of power.

Construction of a Solar Cell

A solar cell is made up of multiple materials that collaborate to produce power.

A semiconductor material, commonly silicon, is the initial layer of a solar cell’s construction. The p-n junction, which separates the two differently doped regions of the material, is formed by impurities doping this layer. In contrast to the n-doped side, the p-doped side possesses an overabundance of electrons. Thus, it generates an electric field across the junction.

A transparent conductive oxide, like indium tin oxide, is the next layer in the construction of a PV cell. It is a front contact to receive the electrons produced in the semiconductor layer. Sputtering helps deposit this layer on top of the semiconductor.

An anti-reflective coating placed on the transparent conductive oxide layer decreases the amount of light reflected out of the cell. Usually, silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide helps create this layer.

The final layer in the construction of a photovoltaic cell is a metal back contact. It is where the holes made by the semiconductor layer are collected. Evaporation is a technique used to apply this layer to the semiconductor’s bottom.

The semiconductor layer in the cell produces electron-hole pairs when light energy strikes it. The electrons at the p-n junction flow in the direction of the n-doped side, whereas the holes move in the direction of the p-doped side due to the electric field. The electron flow from collecting electrons and holes in the front and rear contacts produces an electric current.

The type of semiconductor material used, the quality of the p-n junction, and the thickness and quality of the front and back contacts are only a few variables that affect a cell’s efficiency. Researchers are constantly improving cells’ efficiency to make them more valuable and affordable.

Different Types of Solar Cells

There are numerous solar cell components and varieties, each with unique qualities and benefits. Here, we will examine the various solar cell varieties:

• Monocrystalline

One silicon crystal helps create monocrystalline solar cells. They are effective and can produce electrical energy from up to 22% of the sunlight they receive. Due to the technique of construction of PV cell, which requires slicing the silicon crystal into thin wafers, they are also more expensive than other solar cell varieties.

• Polycrystalline

Multiple silicon crystals are solar cell components that create polycrystalline solar cells. However, polycrystalline solar cells are . Due to their lower purity level, they often have a blueish tint.

• Thin Film

A substrate is covered with layers of photovoltaic materials to create thin-film solar cells. Amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide are a few examples of these substances. Compared to monocrystalline or polycrystalline solar cells, thin-film solar cells are less efficient but far more flexible and have a more extensive range of uses. They also use fewer solar cell components and are less expensive to build.

• Bifacial

Solar panels with bifacial solar cells may collect light from both sides of the surface. They are more effective than conventional solar cells since they produce up to 27% more electricity. They work in locations with reflective surfaces, such as snow, water, or rooftops with light colours.

• Organic

Organic materials, such as polymers or tiny molecules, create organic solar cell components. One can convert them into flexible and lightweight panels that are more affordable than conventional solar cells. They have a shorter lifespan and lower efficiency than other solar cells.

• Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)

Solar light is focused on a small region of concentrated solar cells using lenses or mirrors. Although this technology is more effective than conventional solar cells, it still needs direct sunlight so that solar cell function properly. Large-scale solar power plants frequently employ CPV solar cells.

• Hybrid

Hybrid cells combine two or more types of solar cell components to increase efficiency or lower costs. For instance, a hybrid solar cell might incorporate polycrystalline and thin-film solar cells. Hybrid solar cells can be designed for specific applications and can be more efficient than a single type of solar cell. Compared to a single type of solar cell, hybrid solar cells can be more effective and can be created for specific uses.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Solar Cell

Examine the benefits and drawbacks of solar cells in detail.

The Benefits of Solar Cells

• Sources of Sustainable and Renewable Energy

The fact that solar energy is renewable and sustainable is one of its most important benefits. Photovoltaic cell construction and working to generate electricity depends on how long the sun shines, thus making it an endless energy supply. It means that without having to worry about running out of fuel, solar cells can offer a consistent source of electricity for households, businesses, and even entire nations.

• Environmentally Responsible

Because they don’t emit any greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change, solar cells are environmentally beneficial. They are an excellent solution for areas with limited water resources because they don’t need water or fuel to generate electricity. Solar cells are a clean and green energy source since they produce electricity by converting sunlight into energy. As a result, the working of the solar cell does not produce any pollution.

• Easily Maintained

Once installed, solar cells require relatively little upkeep. Since they don’t have any moving parts, the system experiences very little wear and tear. They can survive for many years if kept clean and clear of debris. Solar cells are an excellent option for individuals who do not want to invest much time and money in upkeep because of their low maintenance needs.

• Independence from Energy

Solar cells enable individuals, organizations, and nations to become energy independent. PV cell construction and working reduce their reliance on the grid and fossil fuels by producing electricity. They can lower their carbon footprint and save money on their energy costs. Solar cells can also offer a dependable electricity supply in isolated locations where it is impossible to connect to the grid.

• Versatility

Rooftops, wide-open spaces, and moving vehicles can help deploy solar panels. They are an excellent choice for urban and rural regions because of their adaptability. They can help run buildings, companies, and even automobiles. For a dependable source of electricity, solar cells can also be mixed with other renewable energy generators, like wind turbines.

The Drawbacks of Solar Cells

• High Start-Up Cost

Solar cells’ high initial cost is one of their most significant drawbacks. It might be difficult for people and businesses to afford the first investment due to the cost of installing solar panels and other equipment. However, the solar cell function can eventually reduce energy costs and offer a return on investment.

• Weather-Dependent

The solar cells working depends on the weather since they need sunshine to produce power. They perform less well on overcast days or at night without sunlight. As a result, energy production may fluctuate, making it difficult to rely solely on solar cells for electricity.

• Need For Space

Installing solar cells takes up a lot of room, especially for larger installations that produce more electricity. This space requirement can be complex in cities with constrained space. However, solar panels can be placed on rooftops to maximize available space.

• Production-Related Pollution

Pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases can result from solar cell construction. When making solar cells, dangerous chemicals and rare metals are used, which could harm the environment if not managed properly. However, the production method is improving, and the environmental impact is decreasing.

Conclusion

A key component of renewable energy technology is solar cells. Since their discovery, they have advanced significantly. They now serve various purposes, including powering houses, buildings, and satellites in orbit. Solar cells are a renewable, safe for the environment, and economical energy source. Though they have some drawbacks, the positives outweigh them by a wide margin. Solar cells will become progressively more effective and economical as technology advances, increasing their appeal as a source of energy. We have explained the construction and working of a photovoltaic cell above. It will help you understand these cells better.

FAQs About Solar Cell

What is the mechanism behind the operation of solar cells?

The construction and working of a solar cell depend on converting sunlight into electrical energy using the photovoltaic phenomenon. As sunlight strikes a solar cell, it liberates electrons from atoms in its semiconductor material. These electrons then move through the cell, creating an electric current that can help with power generation.

How are solar cells made?

Crystalline silicon is processed, refined, and melted into ingots to create solar cells. To produce the photovoltaic effect, manufacturers cut the ingots into thin wafers that are processed and given chemical treatments. The solar panels made of wafers are then linked together to produce power.

How do solar cells work?

A solar cell generates electricity by using a mechanism known as the photovoltaic effect to transform sunlight into electricity. It is possible to use this electricity immediately or store it in a battery for later use.

How much area is necessary for solar panels, which comprise PV cells?

Various factors, such as the size of the panels, the power consumption, and the amount of sunlight in the area, determine the space required for solar panels. 

What are the uses of a solar cell?

Solar cells primarily help produce electricity from the sun. They have many uses, including supplying electricity to far-off places, launching spacecraft, and running houses and businesses.

What is the present situation of solar power in India?

India is among the largest solar energy producers globally, with a total installed capacity of over 40 GW. The Indian government had set a goal of achieving 100 GW of solar capacity in the coming years. It will result in significant growth in solar energy usage in recent years.